Account for decision maker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Record for leader - Essay Example Translation of these announcements is crucial for a fruitful speculation. The connection between the various components of the budget reports is imperative to comprehend as it mirrors the presentation of the organization and the administration can take appropriate choice relating to any key change. The outside and inward fiscal reports are set up so as to satisfy a lot of goals. The outer explanations feature the outside revealing just and it is generally utilized by the assessment specialists, speculators, providers, loan bosses and open. These announcements are typically arranged at a time period year and the period is characterized by the individual organization or the bookkeeping norms they follow. Interior fiscal reports are adaptable in nature and have brilliant explanatory parts. These reports are set up for the inner use for example for the administration and its representatives. These announcements are arranged week after week or even quarterly (Will, Subramanyam and Robert, 2001). For a layman budget report of an association or money related foundation is the main wellspring of data relating to its financials. This financials are basic for the layman speculators who attempt to choose whether the organization merits contributing or not. The liquidity, benefit and dissolvability are checked by the speculators in any case, for a layman it is hard to break down so he/she really focuses on the net benefit and deals income of the organization to survey its monetary position. In this way, this speculator has the feeling that these budget summaries are sufficiently exact to investigation and take any venture choice. The budget reports have various parts which are significant for various people. These people incorporate organization, investors, leasers, partners and overall population (Stickney, 1993). The parts of the fiscal report are portrayed

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Statistical surveying and Marketing Research Essay Research is the way toward social occasion, handling and breaking down data on business sectors. The extent of such research is constrained to the investigation of business sectors and does exclude concentrates on the brand or item to be advertised. Statistical surveying is a subset of showcasing research. Advertising Research is the way toward social affair, handling and breaking down data to showcase an item. It incorporates, yet isn't constrained to statistical surveying. Promoting research stretches out to different regions of showcasing action like: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Studies on shopper conduct Brand and situating Research on item and bundling Research on correspondence procedures and publicizing channels and their viability Studies on deals advancement systems and impacts of limits and deals advancement techniques on client purchasing and utilization propensities 6. Brand discernment contemplates 1 Difference between Qualitative versus Quantitative 2 Importance of Marketing Research The significance of showcasing research in the executives reaches out to clever dynamic, augmenting benefits, expanding the deals, limiting the dangers and learning whether another item will be beneficial in a given market at a given time. What is Marketing Research? This examination can be characterized as the way toward social occasion recording and investigating the information identified with specific items and administrations. This requirement for statistical surveying is gotten from the idea that just by understanding the necessities and needs of the intended interest group and by adequately meeting them, you will have the option to accomplish the authoritative objectives and outperform the opposition n the particular market. In this manner, emerges the need to gather information about the clients, contenders, and different powers in the commercial center. This information thusly is gathered and examined to settle on significant promoting choices, be it corresponding to setting up a business, building up an item, making a brand or thinking of a publicizing effort. What is the Importance of Marketing Research? To Make Marketing Decisions: This exploration encourages the advertisers to settle on a choice about the item or administration. Some of the time an advertiser may accept that the new item or administration is helpful for the clients. Be that as it may, research may show that clients needn't bother with an item or are addressing their requirements with a specific contender item, etc. Also great research endeavors to give alternatives to the fruitful presentation of new items and administrations. This makes the market passage of another item or administration less unsafe. Endure the Competition: Marketing research helps in finding out and understanding contender data, for example, their character, promoting system, client center and size of tasks. This aides in enduring and in specific cases, in any event, abandoning the opposition. Besides, with statistical surveying you can likewise help comprehend the under-served shopper fragments and purchaser needs that have not 3 been met. Assists with choosing Target Markets: Research gives client data regarding their area, age, purchasing conduct and sex. This enables the advertisers to focus in on the objective markets and clients for their items and administrations. Expand Profits: Apart from benefit amplifying steps, for example, thing advancement, client gainfulness examination, and value flexibility, showcasing research permits you to discover techniques that can assist you with boosting benefits. For instance, an items cost flexibility research can assist you with finding out the effect of an expanded cost on the deals and the benefits of an item. This accentuation on productivity likewise encourages the companys center to move from expanding deals to expanding the benefits of an organization. This enables the organization to get by over the long haul and augment its benefits. Expanding the Sales: Increasing the deals of your items or administrations helps an organization in augmenting its benefits. By understanding the clients needs, needs and mentality towards the items and deciding if your items fit the bill, advertisers can build their deals. This aides in not just expanding the deals to the objective clients and individuals previously utilizing the item yet in addition changing over the non clients into clients for the item. With a comprehension of the client, contenders, items and the general business needs, this examination can outfit the administration with the ability to settle on better choices. Nonetheless, the significance of advertising research is restricted to simply being a promoting apparatus that causes you settle on an educated choice. So as opposed to putting together the entirety of your administration choices with respect to a client overview, utilize this instrument as a guide and supplement it with insightful dynamic.

Comstock Lode

Comstock Lode Comstock Lode, richest known U.S. silver deposit, W Nevada, on Mt. Davidson in the Virginia Range. It is said to have been discovered in 1857 by Ethan Allen Grosh and Hosea Ballou Grosh, sons of a Pennsylvania minister and veterans of the California gold fields who died under tragic circumstances before their claims were recorded. Henry T. P. Comstock, known as Old Pancake, was a sheepherder and prospector who took possession of the brothers' cabin and tried to find their old sites. He and others searching for gold laid claim to sections of the Comstock (1859) but soon sold them for insignificant sums. The lode did not become really profitable until its bluish sand was assayed as silver. News of the discovery then spread rapidly, attracting promoters and traders as well as miners, and the lode was the scene of feverish activity. Among early arrivals was William Morris Stewart, who later became one of Nevada's first senators. Camps and trading posts in the area became important suppl y centers, and Virginia City, a mining camp on the mountain, was for several decades the capital of the lode and a center of fabulous luxury. Great fortunes were made by the silver kings, John W. Mackay, James Graham Fair, James C. Flood, and William S. O'Brien, and by Adolph Sutro, George Hearst, and Eilley Orrum Bowers. Silver determined the economy and development of Nevada until exhaustion of the mines by wasteful methods of mining and the demonetization of silver started a decline in the 1870s. By 1898 the Comstock was virtually abandoned. See G. Smith, History of the Comstock Lode (1943); G. Lyman, The Saga of the Comstock Lode (1934, repr. 1971); L. Beebe and C. Clegg, Legends of the Comstock Lode (4th ed. 1956). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Practice Question

The Beauty of Chinese Poetry Free Essays

Chinese poetry is considered to be some of the most beautiful poetry in the world. In the poem â€Å"In Early Summer Lodging in a Temple to Enjoy the Moonlight† by Po Chu-I the author’s use of nature, the city of Ch’ang-an, and his friendship with the others that join him is truly a symbol of balance from Chinese culture. In this poem Po Chu-I discusses the destruction of beauty and the loss connection with its boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beauty of Chinese Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now His use of words paints a picture of a beautiful scene that would capture the imagination of any reader. Is Po Chu-I’s poem a clear reflection of Taoism’s views of balance? In this poem Po Chu-I uses nature to reflect the beauty that is missing in the city that he and his friends now live in. In one example, â€Å"When the wind has stolen the shadows of new leaves and birds linger on the last boughs the bloom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author’s use of nature allow the reader to know that it is early summer when him and his friends go on this journey outside of the city. Also, another example, â€Å"And the South-East was still clothed in red†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the author’s use of words along with nature allows the reader to know that it is sunset. With simple use of nature the author has let you know where this takes place, what time of year it is and time of day. Po Chu-I use of nature is a key element of this poem and shows the beauty of nature to the reader. In the city of Ch’ang-an the author and his friends have been trying to get rich and have decided to take a break and leave the city and go to the temple of Tao. In this poem the city represents the destruction of nature and a place where they feel unfulfilled. One example of this is: â€Å"In Ch’ang-an, the place of profit and fame, Such moods as this, how many men know? The author refers to this as a comparison of the city to the beauty of the nature that has been destroyed by the city life. Po Chu-I used the city as the opposite of nature, he even explains how the city is separated from the nature with a gate. Ch’ang-an is a symbol of the unfulfilled happiness that the author and his friends are feeling by living in the city. The friendships tha t Po Chu-I show in this poem are clear to the reader. â€Å"Till day broke we sat in her clear light laughing and singing, and yet ever grew tired†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a good example of the author’s friendships that he has and how they all traveled out into nature to sing and dance under the moonlight. It shows the connection that the author and his friends share with one another. A similar example â€Å"To the western cloister we carried our jar of wine; while we waited for the moon, out cups moved slow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The author and his friends all share this common bond of being unfulfilled living in the city, and all travel outside of the city to bask in nature, share a drink or two, and dance under the moonlight. This is an example of nature and the city being connected by the authors’ friendships. In the poem â€Å"In Early Summer Lodging in a Temple to Enjoy the Moonlight† Po Chu-I used many techniques to connect the ideas of Taoism into his poem. He incorporated nature, friendship, and the city of Ch’ang-an. All of these techniques helped to create a poem that not only appeals to the imagination of the reader but also the complex problems of feeling unfulfilled with a disconnection with nature. Po Chu-I used all these techniques and created a perfect balance between nature, city living, and friendship. This conveys the balance that is taught in Taoism in Chinese culture. How to cite The Beauty of Chinese Poetry, Papers

Web Writing Its Ok to be Redundant

WEB WRITING: ITS OK TO BE REDUNDANT Websites need to be written to accommodate a wide audience of readers – the on-the-go information gobblers, the meticulous fact verifiers, the image-minded visual learners, and the web savvy personalities who love interactive tools. This is why demonstrating important information on the same page so that it accommodates many different learners is actually a good thing. There are several ways to reinforce your message so that it appeals to different learners. For instance, perhaps you want to show how much money your widget will save customers. You can demonstrate this point by: 1. Just writing it. Perhaps the headline in your copy will read â€Å"Our Widget Saves 32% Over Others† and then expound on that idea in your copy. 2. Making a chart showing how much money your widget will save over those conventional widgets, for the visual learners. 3. Adding an interactive tool to your page, like a calculator where customers can type in how much they’re currently spending on widgets versus how much they could be saving. Some readers really gravitate toward interactive tools. 4. Creating graphics that illustrate how cost-effective your widgets are (maybe a graphic of a widget handing someone money – the sky’s the limit here). By demonstrating the same information – namely, your widget’s money-saving value – in four different ways, you have effectively communicated your message by accommodating many different types of learners. Though it may seem redundant, you can grab the attention of more people by offering the same information in different ways. If a reader missed the headline, interactive tool, and graphic, but you were able to catch his eye with the comparative chart, that’s effective web communication.

buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay

buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay A non-dividend paying stock is the one that do not give interest to people who invest in it. Though this type of investment does not give interest on the capital invested, that does not mean that they are the worst investment ever. A person may decide to start a family business, which does not pay any dividend. However, with time the business can grow and become a major success. One of the reasons that can make a person invest in a non-dividend stock is the need by many people to be their self-bosses. The SP 500 is one of the non-divided stocks whose value has risen rapidly in the recent past (ADVFN. 2012). Primary factors affecting decisions of capital structure Ability of cash flow The business capacity to stabilize, generate cash inflows and promte certainity of such inflows influences the capital selection structure. It is important for a business to have stable cash inflows than average cash inflows. Growth and sales stability Rapidly growing firms need big amount of capital because the cost of floatation associated with debt is smaller than those in common stock. Company size The enterprise size highly influences the availability of funds. The debenture terms are more favorable to large companies. Control Directors who may need to retain control may not want to sell common stock for it may bring new voting investors who may make control hard. Risks of long term and short term loans Long-term loans despite the advantages have risks both to the lender and to the borrower. The lender has the risk of not being paid while borrower has the risk of paying more due to inflation, due to interest and even be tied by the long time payment. Weakness in managing my money I have a big problem in managing my money. Some time I may say that I want to limit unnecessary expenses but that is in vain. I always spend unnecessarily. This is a critical problem in not only my life but other peoples lives because it affects their capacity to save which implies that they live from pocket-to-mouth. The possible way to control this is to set a fixed amount of money to save every month and to stick to a consistent saving pattern whatever the circumstances (Jones Frank, 2007). Buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay

Memorable Funny Quotes From Tommy Boy

Memorable Funny Quotes From Tommy Boy Tommy Boy has some knee-slapping funny scenes. One of the funniest scenes in the movie is when Tommy struggles to change his clothes in an airplane restroom. Here are some memorable quotes from Tommy Boy that are guaranteed to make you laugh. The humor may seem unoriginal to some, but Tommy Boy does make the viewer laugh with abandon. Savor the comedy in these memorable quotes from . Tommy I can get a good look at a T-bone by sticking my head up a bulls ass, but Id rather take a butchers word for it.[hugging a stranger] I passed. I wish wed known each other... this is a little awkward.God, youre gonna remember this for the rest of your life. Cant believe youve never been cow tipping before.[talking like a toddler] Him too fwaid to get out, hes just a wittle guy.Apparently they give a lot fewer D-pluses than D-minuses. Its not a grade they like to give out.Oh, man, thats cold! Im a maniac, maniac on the floor. And Im dancing like Ive never danced before...R.T., I lost my virginity to your daughter, for crying out loud. Richard Hayden Ugh, I can actually hear you getting fatter.This is like a bad Twilight Zone. I think Im growing a tumour. MichelleListen up, you little spazoids. I know where you live and Ive seen where you sleep. I swear to everything holy that your mothers will cry when they see what Ive done to you.PaulThese shoes are Italian. Theyre worth more than your life.Ray ZalinskyTed, send over a bottle of bubbly in a bucket of ice and a card. Have the card read, Tough luck, get drunk on me. Use the bucket to ice down your marbles, Yours, Z.Ted ReillyOh, real good. Real good. I had a kidney removed last April, but I still have the other one.Kid in BankOh, yeah right. It was some other real fat guy with a tiny head.

Controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controversial topic - Essay Example Regarding effects due to gene-flow, the EPA showed in 2010 that 83% of wild or weedy canola contains genetically-modified herbicide-resistant genes that were linked to GMO canola crops [2]; if the canola plant were a â€Å"pest plant†, this could hurt the environment Insect-resistance strains significantly decrease pest populations while increasing non-pest insect populations; insect-resistant strains also decreased the amount of pesticides used – and their negative effect on the environment – by 15%, in 2006 [3] Also, not as much resistance as might believed: a series of studies from the Pew Institute showed that most Americans do not support the banning of GMO foods, but instead want the safety of the foods highly regulated [6] End with quote from economist Paul Collier, of Oxford University: â€Å"Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption imperative.† [7] In this case, increasing world population, combined with decreasing farmable land, may make the adoption of GMOs inevitable. So, let’s fund more research and oversight of GMO

Criminal procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal procedure - Essay Example As society progresses in almost every environmental aspect (social, economic, politics etc.), what the people need is order and including their significant concerns on their individual rights so as to preserve their lives, freedom, properties and so on. Thus, it is important to understand which among the due process and crime control model gives them significant advantages and benefits in addressing their concerns. In this paper, the proponent tries to compare and contrast the role of due process and crime control models on shaping criminal procedure policy. Thus, the analysis includes a review and assessment of the Amendments of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights to the states and their potential impacts on the criminal justice system as applied to due process and crime control models. Crime control model Crime control model is associated with efficient criminal justice system. ... Due process model The due process model is concerned with the justice and on the process how it is achieved. In other words, in this model there is equal treatment on giving protection of the innocent and employing punishment of the guilty (Braswell, McCarthy & McCarthy, 2011, p.81). In either way, there is fair treatment on these two cases as the ultimate goal is to seek justice under the required process in the entire justice system. Thus, in other way of saying this, under the due process model, the rights of each individual, either culprit or innocent victim, either of them has to undergo a fair trial. This is a process of giving equal opportunity for each individual to protect their rights. Analysis Crime control and due process models are integral parts of the US criminal procedure. However, in practice and principle these two may differ at some point, as the former would want to emphasize efficiency and finality of the outcome rather than emphasizing appropriate procedures wit hin the justice system. The main argument that may possibly exist in comparison of these criminal procedures involves the consideration of what is meant to achieve â€Å"justice† and â€Å"efficiency†. Based on the above definitions, it turns out that the due process model absolutely focuses on achieving justice while crime control model may be too narrowly focused on solving the crime that at some point may disregard whether there was a fair procedure implemented as to the case of the former. For instance, in the fourth, fifth and sixth amendments of the US Constitution, each person has the right to protect or secure their persons, houses, papers and so on from unreasonable searches and seizures; secure to answer for a capital or infamous crime

Graduation Speech: God, Grant Me Wisdom :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The year is 2038. I, Bob Millings, am a retired multi-millionare relaxing on the porch of my beach house on the Northshore of Oahu in the Hawaii Islands. Having already earned my millions from selling the hundreds of Ichiro cards that I amassed throughout the past 20 years, I have nothing else better to do than lay on my beach chair and soak up the rays. Suddenly a flock of seagulls (yes, seagulls fly in flocks) crosses my line of vision, and a tear comes to my eye. Oh, how that magnificent bird reminds me of the best four years of my life at County High School, the home of the Seagulls. My mind suddenly floats back 26 years to the past to a time when I was finishing up my career at that prestigious academy of learning. I didn't know it then, but some of my most valuable lessons were learned during those four years. No, I am not talking about those smarts I learned my freshman year, like remembering never to fall asleep in Mr. Bull's Biology class, or realizing that it was in my best interest to steer clear of the Senior Lot after school. Nor am I speaking about those important things I was taught during my crazy sophomore and junior years, like how important Planning Team is, how Wendy's is the best lunchtime meal around, or how a hook is one of the most important parts of an essay. I'm not even talking about those skills I picked up my senior year, like being able to get ready in the morning in less than seven minutes, remembering to switch arms while sleeping on a desk so your arm won't fall asleep, or those great moves I learned during chess days in Mrs. Johnson' s class. No, I am talking about that word that came into play time and time again during my high school career: acceptance. I constantly found myself in a position where I was on the brink of insanity during school. Maybe I was mad at one of my friends, or I had three tests in one day, or I was given a 500-page book to read in less than two weeks. There was always that thought in the back of my mind that I could just quit and forget about it all and stop caring. But than that word would come up, and I would accept all those things and realize that my friend and I would make up, those tests would be over soon, and that book is actually not all that bad.

Diderot

I have come to a point in life that many people have not. I have made a firm decision to recommit myself to pursuing my dreams. While there are those who believe that with an ounce of luck and a ton of persistence anything can be accomplished, I believe that there is no reason to expend so much energy and rely on luck. I believe in taking hold of my destiny and carving out a future for myself based on the decisions that I make in life. Life is simply too short and too precious to be left to luck alone.I have many very special characteristics that make this profession one that I will not only excel at, but one that I know will provide me with great opportunity to meet and treat my community. Although an excellent student, my ability to listen to people has helped me to excel both professionally and personally. Too often people are misdiagnosed, misheard and not heard at all because of the time constraints forced on the profession by the high number of patients and insurance constraint s.This was not always a characteristic I would consider my strongest, but after realizing the importance of listening to people I decided to change my own behavior, and even change my small part of the world. The ability to hear people, to really listen, has transformed my life in a positive and crucial way. This experience of working with those who are less fortunate in life has opened my eyes to the possibilities of pursuing a career that revolves around helping others. I realize that there is a lot that I am grateful for in life and that there is also so much that I can give to others.By devoting my life to the service of others I am confident that I too can benefit by having the opportunity to learn more about myself and others. Growing up we lived in a middle income neighborhood, at best, and I was very fortunate to be surrounded with not only many cultures, but many income levels. My friends were as diverse as the neighborhood we lived in, a melting pot. I learned early on not to pass judgments on people based on their wealth, lack of it, color, religious background or anything that may make my friends different from me.Some of my best memories are of all of sharing what we did on the holidays. I was grateful for such loyal friends and will never forget how they helped me become the adult I am today. These, I believe, are the main characteristics that one needs to possess for social work practice. While I may not have the qualifications as others, I am confident that my determination to succeed in the pursuit of a career in social work will help me in the future. From the point of view of personal growth, I must admit that there is so much for me to gain from doing voluntary service at the elderly home.One important aspect of personal growth is the understanding and the lessons that I can learn from the elderly. The youth, such as me, must learn how to acknowledge the achievements of the older generation and respect their experience. The older generation has a hard time teaching the youth how to avoid the same mistakes that they made when they were young because all they see is wasted and reckless youth but I see that my exposure at a home for the elderly will give me the unique opportunity to learn from them and perhaps avoid the same mistakes.I have found that my experiences with the older generation have inspired in me the joys of learning. As previously mentioned, there is so much that I can learn from them and so much knowledge and wisdom that they can impart. As such, this also creates a certain excitement for me for I know that as I grow as a person there lies so much for me in the world. Unique opportunities that are available to those who are prepared and ready to make a contribution to the world. Pursuing my career in this course is just the first step in my plan. My main philosophy in life is to lead by setting an example.I cannot expect others to do what I myself would be willing to do but that does not mean that I cann ot hope that others will see the example that I have shown them. This philosophy is one of the many forces that drive me to pursue my dream of pursuing this career and of becoming so much more in life. The chance to help those who are less fortunate in life, the chance to help those in need, the opportunity to be of service to humanity; these are the reasons why I have selected this as the profession that I will pursue; for, as Eleanor Roosevelt once said, â€Å"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Domestication - The History of Peas and Humans

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a cool season legume, a diploid species belonging to the Leguminosae family (aka Fabaceae). Domesticated about 11,000 years ago or so, peas are an important human and animal food crop cultivated throughout the world. Key Takeaways: Domesticated Peas Peas are one of several legumes, and a founder crop domesticated in the Fertile Crescent about 11,000 years ago.  The earliest human consumption of wild peas was at least 23,000 years ago, and perhaps by our Neanderthal cousins as long ago as 46,000 years ago.  There are three modern species of peas, and they are very complex genetically and their precise domestication process has yet to be figured out.  Ã‚   Description Since 2003, global cultivation has ranged between 1.6 to 2.2 million planted hectares (4–5.4 million acres) producing 12–17.4 million tons per year. Peas are a rich source of protein (23–25%), essential amino acids, complex carbohydrates, and mineral content like iron, calcium, and potassium. They are naturally low in sodium and fat. Today peas are used in soups, breakfast cereals, processed meat, health foods, pasta, and purees; they are processed into pea flour, starch, and protein. They are one of the eight so-called founder crops and among the earliest domesticated crops on our planet. Peas and Pea Species Three species of peas are known today: Pisum sativum L. extends from Iran and Turkmenistan through anterior Asia, northern Africa, and southern EuropeP. fulvum is found in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and IsraelP. abyssinicum is found from Yemen and Ethiopia Research suggests that both P. sativum and P. fulvum were domesticated in the Near East about 11,000 years ago, likely from P humile (also known as Pisum sativum subsp. elatius), and P. abyssinian was developed from P. sativum independently in the Old Kingdom or Middle Kingdom Egypt about 4,000–5,000 years ago. Subsequent breeding and improvements have resulted in the production of thousands of pea varieties today. The oldest possible evidence for people eating peas is that of starch grains founded embedded in the calculus (plaque) on Neanderthal teeth at Shanidar Cave and dated about 46,000 years ago. Those are tentative identifications to date: the starch grains are not necessarily those of P. sativum. Undomesticated pea remains were found at Ohalo II in Israel, in layers dated about 23,000 years ago. The earliest evidence for the purposeful cultivation of peas is from the Near East at the site of Jerf el Ahmar, Syria about 9,300 calendar years BCE [cal BCE] (11,300 years ago). Ahihud, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Israel, had domestic peas in a storage pit with other legumes (fava beans, lentils, and bitter vetch), suggesting they had been cultivated and/or used for the same purpose. Pea Domestication Pisum sativa (Sugar Snap peas). Jenny Dettrick / Moment / Getty Images Archaeological and genetic research indicates that the pea was domesticated by people purposefully selecting for peas that had a softer shell and ripened during the wet season. Unlike grains, which ripen all at once and stand up straight with their grains on predictably sized spikes, wild peas put out seeds all over their flexible plant stems, and they have a hard, water-impermeable shell that allows them to ripen over a very long period of time. While long producing seasons may sound like a great idea, harvesting such a plant at any one time is not terrifically productive: you have to return time and time again to collect enough to make a garden worthwhile. And because peas grow low to the ground and seeds arise all over the plant, harvesting them isnt particularly easy either. What a softer shell on the seeds does is allow the seeds to germinate in the wet season, thereby allowing more peas to ripen at the same, predictable time. Other traits developed in domesticated peas include pods that dont shatter on maturity—wild peapods shatter, scattering their seeds out to reproduce; we would prefer that they wait until we get there. Wild peas have smaller seeds, too: wild pea seed weights range between .09 to .11 (about 3/100ths of an ounce) grams and domesticated ones are larger, ranging between .12 to .3 grams, or 4/100th to a tenth of an ounce. Studying Peas Peas were one of the first plants studied by geneticists, starting with Thomas Andrew Knight in the 1790s, not to mention the famous studies by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. But, interestingly enough, mapping the pea genome has lagged behind other crops because it has such a large and complex genome. There are important collections of pea germplasm with 1,000 or more pea varieties located in 15 different countries. Several different research teams have begun the process of studying pea genetics based on those collections, but the variability in Pisum has continued to be problematic. Israeli botanist Shahal Abbo and his colleagues built wild pea nurseries in several gardens in Israel and compared the grain yield patterns to those of domesticated pea. Selected Sources Abbo, S., A. Gopher, and S. Lev-Yadun. The Domestication of Crop Plants. Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (Second Edition). Eds. Murray, Brian G., and Denis J. Murphy. Oxford: Academic Press, 2017. 50–54. Print.Bogdanova, Vera S., et al. Cryptic Divergences in the Genus Pisum L. (Peas), as Revealed by Phylogenetic Analysis of Plastid Genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 129 (2018): 280–90. Print.Caracuta, Valentina, et al. Farming Legumes in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic: New Discoveries from the Site of Ahihud (Israel). PLOS ONE 12.5 (2017): e0177859. Print.Hagenblad, Jenny, et al. Genetic Diversity in Local Cultivars of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Conserved ‘on Farm’ and in Historical Collections. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61.2 (2014): 413–22. Print.Jain, Shalu, et al. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure among Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Cultivars as Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat and Novel Genic Markers. Molecular Bi otechnology 56.10 (2014): 925–38. Print.Linstà ¤dter, J., M. Broich, and B. Weninger. Defining the Early Neolithic of the Eastern Rif, Morocco – Spatial Distribution, Chronological Framework and Impact of Environmental Changes. Quaternary International 472 (2018): 272–82. Print.Martin, Lucie. Plant Economy and Territory Exploitation in the Alps During the Neolithic (5000–4200 cal BC): First Results of Archaeobotanical Studies in the Valais (Switzerland). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 63–73. Print.Sharma, Shagun, et al. Quality Traits Analysis and Protein Profiling of Field Pea (Pisum Sativum) Germplasm from Himalayan Region. Food Chemistry 172.0 (2015): 528–36. Print.Weeden, Norman F. Domestication of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.): The Case of the Abyssinian Pea. Frontiers in Plant Science 9.515 (2018). Print.